IMPORTANTE -- Vitamin and Mineral Interactions: The Complex Relationship of Essential Nutrients (LER COM CUIDADO -- NÃO É UMA TABELA NORMAL
MAS COMO INTERAGEM UNS COM OS OUTROS, COMO DEVEMOS PROCEDER PARA TIRAR O MAIOR BENEFÍCIO DOS MESMOS.
Vitamin and Mineral Interactions: The Complex Relationship of Essential Nutrient
The essential vitamins and minerals share a delicate dance in the body. For many body processes to function optimally, you must have the right balance of the nutrients. Many nutrients work synergistically, so a deficiency in one might appear as or exacerbate a deficiency in another and vice versa.
Other nutrients are antagonists, so care must be taken when supplementing with one so it does not negatively impact the absorption, uptake, or metabolism of the other. For some nutrient pairs, the balance is delicate, with the pairs in certain situations enhancing the work of the other, and in other situations, they antagonize one another.
The following is a brief overview of the relationships and interactions between the essential nutrients. As you will see, some vitamins and minerals have a relationship with several other essential nutrients, while some have few if any known synergistic or antagonistic interactions.
VITAMINS
Vitamin A
Synergistic Nutrients:
Vitamin E
Vitamin E enhances vitamin A intestinal absorption at medium to high concentrations, up to 40 percent.
Vitamin A and E together lead to increased antioxidant capabilities, protect against some forms of cancer, and support a healthier gut.
They work synergistically to prevent or support obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, immune response, brain health, hearing loss.
Iodine
Retinoic acid is involved in iodine uptake.
Severe vitamin A deficiency decreases the uptake of iodine and impacts thyroid metabolism.
Iodine deficiency and vitamin A deficiency leads to a more severe case of primary hypothyroidism compared to iodine deficiency alone.
Iron
Iron is required for converting beta-carotene into retinol.
Vitamin A increases iron absorption, especially non-heme iron.
Iron increases the bioavailability of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, including alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin.
Supplementing with vitamin A might help reverse iron deficiency anemia in children, and vitamin A deficiency might contribute to anemia.
Zinc
Zinc is required for vitamin A transport.
Supplementing with vitamin A and zinc in children led to a reduced risk of infection and increased linear growth.
Zinc along with vitamin A helps maintain eye health.
Antagonistic Nutrients:
Vitamin E
High levels of beta carotene might decrease serum levels of vitamin E.
Vitamin K
Vitamin A toxicity inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K2 by intestinal bacteria and interferes with hepatic actions of vitamin K.
Vitamin A interferes with absorption of vitamin K.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
Synergistic Nutrients
Magnesium
Magnesium is required to convert thiamin to its biologically active form and is also required for certain thiamin-dependent enzymes.
Overcoming thiamin deficiency might not occur if magnesium deficiency is not co-treated.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 can inhibit the biosynthesis of thiamin.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Antagonistic Nutrients:
Calcium
Calcium might form a chelate with riboflavin, decreasing riboflavin absorption.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Synergistic Nutrients:
Zinc
Supplementing with nicotinic acid might provide a dose-dependent improvement in hepatic zinc levels and better antioxidant markers, including less lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Antagonistic Nutrients:
Copper
Copper deficiency increases vitamin B5 requirements.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Synergistic Nutrients:
Magnesium
Antagonistic Nutrients:
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B6 can inhibit the biosynthesis of thiamin.
Vitamin B9
Vitamin B6 increases folate requirements and possibly vice versa.
Along with vitamin B12, co-supplementation with vitamins B9 and B6 improves homocysteine levels, of which high levels have been linked to cardiovascular disease, thrombin generation, and neurodegeneration.
Zinc
High levels of vitamin B6 might increase the need for zinc.
Chronic and acute vitamin B6 deficiency increases intestinal uptake of zinc but serum zinc levels decrease, demonstrating an impairment in zinc utilization.
Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 increases folate requirements and possibly vice versa.
Vitamin B12
Supplementing with B9 increases the need for B12 and vice versa because both play key roles in the methylation cycle.
Deficiency or insufficiency can increase homocysteine levels, which are connected to a higher risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease.
Deficiency can also cause megaloblastic anemia.
Zinc
Supplementation with folic acid, especially in a state of zinc deficiency, might reduce absorption of zinc through forming a chelate, but there are mixed results
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin C
In aqueous solution, vitamin C might degrade B12 especially when B1 and copper are also present.
Vitamin B9
Supplementing with B9 increases the need for B12 and vice versa because both play key roles in the methylation cycle.
Deficiency or insufficiency can increase homocysteine levels, which are connected to a higher risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease.
Deficiency can also cause megaloblastic anemia.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin E
Vitamins C and E work synergistically for antioxidant defense, with vitamin C regenerating vitamin E.
Works in synergy, so large supplementation of one needs large supplement of other.
Copper
Post-absorptive, vitamin C can stimulate uptake and metabolism of copper.
Vitamin C deficiency could lead to symptoms of copper deficiency.
Iron
Increases absorption of non-heme iron, even in the presence of inhibitory substances; vitamin C also regulates uptake and metabolism of iron.
Selenium
A diet high in vitamin C led to increased percent of absorption of sodium selenite and retention of the absorbed selenium.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin B12
In aqueous solution, vitamin C might degrade B12, especially with B1 and copper also present.
Copper
High levels of vitamin C inhibits absorption of copper, possibly through increasing iron absorption, which is a copper antagonist.
Iron
Excess vitamin C could increase iron overload risk.
Selenium
Converts sodium selenite to elemental selenium which inhibits absorption but only when supplements are taken on an empty stomach.
Vitamin D
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin K
Optimal levels of vitamin K prevents some of the problems of excess vitamin D and leads to better outcomes.
Sufficient levels of vitamins D and K lead to reduced risk of hip fractures and an increase in BMD and other markers of bone health.
Sufficient vitamin K and D also improves insulin levels and blood pressure while reducing the risk of arthrosclerosis.
Calcium
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption.
Along with vitamin K, supplementing with calcium and vitamin D leads to improved bone, heart, and metabolic health.
Calcium and vitamin D also work synergistically for skeletal muscle function.
Co-supplementation of vitamin D and calcium led to an improved response to children with rickets.
Magnesium
Magnesium is a cofactor for the biosynthesis, transport, and activation of vitamin D.
Supplementing with magnesium improves vitamin D levels.
Deficiency in both vitamin D and magnesium increase risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic disease, and skeletal disorders.
Selenium
Supplementing with vitamin D improves serum levels of selenium.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
High levels of vitamin A decrease vitamin D uptake by 30 percent.
Vitamin E
Medium and high levels of vitamin E significantly reduce vitamin D uptake by 15 percent and 17 percent respectively.
Vitamin E
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Vitamin E enhances vitamin A intestinal absorption at medium to high concentrations, up to 40 percent.
Vitamin A and E together lead to increased antioxidant capabilities, protect against some forms of cancer, and support a healthier gut.
They work synergistically to prevent or support obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, immune response, brain health, hearing loss.
Vitamin C
Vitamins C and E work synergistically as antioxidant defense, with vitamin C regenerating vitamin E.
Because they work synergistically, large supplementation of one needs large supplementation of other.
Selenium
Selenium deficiency aggravates effects of deficiency of vitamin E and vitamin E can prevent selenium toxicity.
Together they induce apoptosis.
Combined selenium and vitamin E deficiency has a great impact that the deficiency of one of the nutrients.
Synergy of vitamin E and selenium might help with cancer prevention through stimulating apoptosis in abnormal cells; selenium and vitamin E work synergistically to help mitigate iron excess.
Zinc
Some effects of zinc deficiency were helped by vitamin E supplementation.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Vitamin A reduces vitamin E intestinal uptake in a dose-dependent manner.
High levels of beta carotene might decrease serum levels of vitamin E.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D reduces vitamin E intestinal uptake in a dose-dependent manner.
Vitamin K
Metabolites can inhibit vitamin K activity, so care is needed when supplementing with high doses.
Also, large doses of vitamin K inhibit intestinal absorption of vitamin E.
Iron
Iron interferes with absorption of vitamin E.
Vitamin E deficiency exacerbates iron excess but supplemental vitamin E prevented it.
It is best to take the supplements at separate times.
Vitamin K
Synergistic Nutrients:
Vitamin D
Optimal levels of vitamin K prevents some of the problems of excess vitamin D and leads to better outcomes.
Sufficient levels of vitamins D and K lead to reduced risk of hip fractures and an increase in BMD and other markers of bone health.
It also improves insulin levels, blood pressure, and reduces the risk of arthrosclerosis.
Calcium
Along with vitamin D, vitamin K and calcium help to improve bone and heart health.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Vitamin A toxicity inhibits synthesis of vitamin K2 by intestinal bacteria and interferes with hepatic actions of vitamin K.
Vitamin A inhibits intestinal absorption of vitamin K.
Vitamin D
Inhibits intestinal absorption of vitamin K.
Vitamin E
Metabolites can inhibit vitamin K activity, so care is needed when taking large doses.
Vitamin E can also inhibit the intestinal absorption of vitamin K.
MACROMINERALS
Calcium
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin D
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption.
Along with vitamin K, supplementing with calcium and vitamin D leads to improved bone, heart, and metabolic health.
Calcium and vitamin D also work synergistically for skeletal muscle function.
Co-supplementation of vitamin D and calcium led to an improved response to children with rickets.
Potassium
Potassium enhances calcium reabsorption.
Potassium excretion is positively related to bone mineral density.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Iron
High levels of calcium decrease absorption of non-heme iron in the short term but might not have a long-term impact on iron levels; this can be mitigated by vitamin C.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels of zinc.
Magnesium
High levels of calcium decreased tissue levels of magnesium and exacerbates deficiency and decreases magnesium absorption.
Magnesium supplementation can decrease calcium absorption, especially in those with renal stone disease.
Manganese
Phosphorus
High levels of calcium supplements decrease phosphorus absorption.
The ideal ratio of phosphorus to calcium is 1:1. Higher levels of phosphorus to calcium ratio was shown to hurt bone health in pigs and humans.
Sodium
Zinc
High levels of calcium supplements decrease zinc absorption and zinc balance.
High levels of zinc might impact calcium absorption.
Zinc deficiency reduces serum calcium levels and calcium entry into cells, and it increases PTH levels.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels of zinc.
Magnesium
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin B1
Magnesium is required to convert thiamin to its biologically active form and is also required for certain thiamin-dependent enzymes.
Overcoming thiamin deficiency might not occur if magnesium deficiency is not co-treated.
Vitamin B6
Vitamin D
Magnesium is a cofactor for the biosynthesis, transport, and activation of vitamin D.
Supplementing with magnesium improves vitamin D levels.
Deficiency in both vitamin D and magnesium increase risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic disease, and skeletal disorders.
Potassium
Magnesium is required for potassium uptake in cells.
Combination of magnesium, calcium, and potassium reduces the risk of stroke.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Calcium
High levels of calcium decreased tissue levels of magnesium and exacerbates deficiency and decreases magnesium absorption.
Magnesium supplementation can decrease calcium absorption, especially in those with renal stone disease.
Zinc
Supplements of high levels (142 mg/day) of zinc might reduce magnesium absorption.
Phosphorus
Along with calcium, phosphorus can reduce the absorption of magnesium in the intestines.
Phosphorus
Antagonistic Nutrients
Calcium
High levels of calcium supplements decrease phosphorus absorption.
The ideal ratio of phosphorus to calcium is 1:1; higher levels of the phosphorus to calcium ratio was shown to hurt bone health in pigs and humans.
Magnesium
Along with calcium, phosphorus can reduce the absorption of magnesium in the intestines.
Potassium
Synergistic Nutrients
Calcium
Potassium enhances calcium reabsorption.
Potassium excretion is positively related to bone mineral density.
Magnesium
Magnesium is required for potassium uptake in cells.
Combination of magnesium, calcium, and potassium reduces the risk of stroke.
Sodium
Potassium/Sodium balance required for optimal health, especially for reduced blood pressure and heart health.
The right potassium to sodium balance increases bone health through decreasing excess excretion of calcium due to high levels of sodium.
It also decreases obesity load and improves net dietary acid load.
Sodium
Synergistic Nutrients
Potassium
Potassium/Sodium balance required for optimal health, especially for reduced blood pressure and heart health.
The right potassium to sodium balance increases bone health through decreasing excess excretion of calcium due to high levels of sodium.
It also decreases obesity load and improves net dietary acid load.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Calcium
TRACE MINERALS
Copper
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin C
Post-absorptive, vitamin C can stimulate uptake and metabolism of copper.
Vitamin C deficiency could lead to symptoms of copper deficiency.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin C
High levels of vitamin C inhibits absorption of copper, possibly through increasing iron absorption, which is a copper antagonist.
Iron
Copper and iron compete for absorption, so high levels of one might lead to deficiency of the other.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum interacts with protein-bound copper in and outside the cells and can even remove copper from the tissues, so excess molybdenum contributes to copper deficiency.
Molybdenum can also be used to treat problems associated with excess levels of copper, such as Wilson’s disease.
The antagonistic relationship between copper and molybdenum might contribute to diabetic complications.
Selenium
When consuming low to normal levels of selenium, high intakes of copper reduces absorption, although this might not occur when consuming high levels of selenium.
An imbalance of selenium and copper ratio could contribute to oxidative stress.
Zinc
Zinc inhibits copper absorption and can lead to a deficiency.
A high copper to zinc ratio increases oxidative stress, all-cause mortality, inflammation, immune dysfunction, sleep disturbances, AD, heart failure, physical disability, diabetes, and autism.
Iodine
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Retinoic acid is involved in iodine uptake.
Severe vitamin A deficiency decreases the uptake of iodine and impacts thyroid metabolism.
Iodine deficiency and vitamin A deficiency leads to a more severe case of primary hypothyroidism compared to iodine deficiency alone.
Selenium
Adequate levels of both iodine and selenium are necessary for the metabolism of thyroid hormone. Selenium is required for the enzyme that deiodinizes T3 to convert it to the active form, T4.
Concurrent iodine and selenium deficiencies might create a balancing effect to maintain and normalize T4 levels while T4 levels were lowered when there was a deficiency of iodine or selenium.
Iron
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Iron is required for converting beta carotene into retinol.
Iron increases the bioavailability of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, including alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin.
Supplementing with vitamin A might help reverse iron deficiency anemia in children but vitamin A deficiency might contribute to anemia.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C increases absorption of non-heme iron, even in the presence of inhibitory substances; vitamin C also regulates uptake and metabolism of iron.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin E
Iron interferes with absorption of vitamin E.
Vitamin E deficiency exacerbates iron excess but supplemental vitamin E prevented it.
It is best to take the supplements at separate times.
Calcium
High levels of calcium decrease absorption of non-heme iron in the short term but might not have a long-term impact on iron levels; this can be mitigated by vitamin C.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels of zinc.
Copper
Copper and iron compete for absorption, so high levels of one might lead to deficiency of the other.
Manganese
High levels of manganese inhibits iron absorption and uptake in a dose-dependent manner and vice versa due to shared pathways of absorption and similar physiochemical properties.
Zinc
Non-heme iron and zinc compete for absorption.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels of zinc.
Manganese
Antagonistic Nutrients
Iron
High levels of manganese inhibits iron absorption and uptake in a dose-dependent manner and vice versa due to shared pathways of absorption and similar physiochemical properties.
Calcium
Molybdenum
Antagonistic Nutrients
Copper
Molybdenum interacts with protein-bound copper in and outside the cells and can even remove copper from the tissues, so excess molybdenum contributes to copper deficiency.
Molybdenum can also be used to treat problems associated with excess levels of copper, such as Wilson’s disease.
The antagonistic relationship between copper and molybdenum might contribute to diabetic complications.
Selenium
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin C
A diet high in vitamin C led to increased percent of absorption of sodium selenite and retention of the absorbed selenium.
Vitamin D
Supplementing with vitamin D improves serum levels of selenium.
Vitamin E
Selenium deficiency aggravates effects of deficiency of vitamin E and vitamin E can prevent selenium toxicity.
Together they induce apoptosis.
Combined selenium and vitamin E deficiency has a great impact that the deficiency of one of the nutrients.
Synergy of vitamin E and selenium might help with cancer prevention through stimulating apoptosis in abnormal cells; selenium and vitamin E work synergistically to help mitigate iron excess.
Iodine
Adequate levels of both iodine and selenium are necessary for the metabolism of thyroid hormone. Selenium is required for the enzyme that deiodinizes T3 to convert it to the active form, T4.
Concurrent iodine and selenium deficiencies might create a balancing effect to maintain and normalize T4 levels while T4 levels were lowered when there was a deficiency of iodine or selenium.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin C
Vitamin C converts sodium selenite to elemental selenium which inhibits absorption but only when supplements are taken on an empty stomach.
Copper
When consuming low to normal levels of selenium, high intakes of copper reduces absorption, although this might not occur when consuming high levels of selenium.
An imbalance of selenium and copper ratio could contribute to oxidative stress.
Zinc
Synergistic Nutrients
Vitamin A
Zinc is required for vitamin A transport.
In one study, supplementing with vitamin A and zinc in children led to a reduced risk of infection and increased linear growth.
Zinc along with vitamin A helps maintain eye health.
Vitamin B3
Supplementing with nicotinic acid might provide a dose-dependent improvement in hepatic zinc levels and better antioxidant markers, including less lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels.
Antagonistic Nutrients
Vitamin B6
High levels of B6 might increase the need for zinc.
Chronic and acute B6 deficiency increases intestinal uptake of zinc but serum zinc levels decrease, demonstrating an impairment in zinc utilization.
Vitamin B9
Supplementation with folic acid, especially in a state of zinc deficiency, might reduce absorption of zinc through forming a chelate, but there are mixed results.
Calcium
High levels of calcium supplements decrease zinc absorption and zinc balance.
High levels of zinc might impact calcium absorption.
Zinc deficiency reduces serum calcium levels and calcium entry into cells, and it increases parathyroid hormone levels.
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels of zinc.
Copper
Copper inhibits zinc absorption and can lead to a deficiency.
A high copper to zinc ratio increases risk of oxidative stress, all-cause mortality, inflammation, immune dysfunction, sleep disturbances, AD, heart failure, physical disability, diabetes, and autism.
Iron
Supplementing with calcium and iron greatly reduced serum levels of zinc.
Magnesium
Supplements of high levels (i.e. 142 mg/day) of zinc might reduce magnesium absorption.
As you can see, many of the minerals compete with one another for absorption, making it important to ensure proper balance so that one does not overpower the others, contributing to a deficiency.
SPECIAL GROUP INTERACTIONS
Antioxidant Network
Zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E
Balanced and sufficient quantities keep antioxidant enzymes and other antioxidant defenses high to mitigate oxidative stress, which is connected to numerous diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and metabolic syndrome.
Along with magnesium, antioxidant vitamins can also help to protect against hearing loss and reduce inflammation.
B-vitamins
The B-vitamins often work together, especially vitamins B2, B6, B9, B12.
In addition to the above one-on-one interactions, the B vitamins work together and play key role as cofactors and enzymes in one-carbon metabolism, which is involved in amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and DNA methylation, as well as production of SAM, which is a methyl donor used in various reactions including neurotransmitter production. These cofactors and enzymes are also involved in energy metabolism.
A balance of B vitamins supports brain health, including neural development and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cardiovascular health.
As always, check with your healthcare practitioner to see which vitamins and minerals you may need and how best to take them.
You may also want to learn more about foods and supplements in my upcoming Rainbow Foods and Supplements Course starting January 29, 2018. Email us at info@foodandspirit.com if you have questions.
Comments
Post a Comment